The heating output and coefficient of performance (COP) of any hydronic heat pump is very dependent on the water temperature leaving the heat pump’s condenser.
Although the market for gas-fired boilers continues to track toward those that can modulate and operate with sustained flue gas condensation, conventional boilers (e.g., those not designed to operate with sustained flue gas condensation) still represent a significant portion of the market.
As global energy planning moves away from fossil fuels and toward electricity, an increasing number of hydronic heating systems are being supplied by heat pumps.
The versatility of modern hydronics technology allows designers to create systems that are “customized” to the needs — and constraints — of almost any building.
Some hydronic system designers cling to certain system piping configurations — even when existing projects using those configurations have produced problems.