Thermal storage enhances the efficiency of renewable energy heating systems, like pellet-fired boilers and solar collectors, by storing low-cost, off-peak electrical energy for future use. It's vital for reducing energy costs and ensuring consistent heating, with auxiliary boilers providing backup when needed.

Circulating ground-temperature water in a Thermal Energy Network (TEN) provides efficient heating and cooling, reducing costs and mitigating climate change through decarbonization. The water must be kept within a specific temperature range, known as the performance zone.

ades of dealing with hydronic systems, I’ve confirmed two characteristics that always govern their operation. Both are rooted in the tenants of thermodynamics. Neither should be thought of as mysterious. 

When designing hydronic circuits, most engineers focus on what’s necessary for that circuit to absorb thermal energy at a heat source, carry it along like a conveyor belt and drop it off at one or more heat emitters.

Apartments and condominiums provide homes to families with different comfort preferences and different attitudes on energy use.